We are just over a week into the second annual #1lib1ref campaign, where we “imagine a world where every librarian adds one more reference to Wikipedia.”
We are just over a week into the second annual #1lib1ref campaign, where we “imagine a world where every librarian adds one more reference to Wikipedia.”
Wikipedia is based on real facts, backed up by citations—and librarians are expert at finding supporting research.
This year’s campaign launched on January 15, to celebrate Wikipedia’s sixteenth birthday. As of Monday, participants have made over 1,543 contributions on 1,065 articles in 15 different languages.
We know that more librarian meetups, events, editathons, webinars, coffee hours, tweets, photos, sticker-selfies, blog posts and more have happened—share them on social media to help spread the campaign! Here are a few highlights from the week.
IFLA white papers
Following a year-long conversation with the International Federation of Library Associations, they kicked off #1lib1ref by officially publishing two “Opportunities Papers” emphasizing the potential for collaboration between Wikipedia and academic and public libraries.
Showing the story of a citation
#1lib1ref provides a great opportunity for communities to create resources about how to contribute to Wikimedia projects. Below are great new ones made for the campaign:
Video via Wikimedia Germany and the Simpleshow Foundation, CC BY-SA 4.0.
Wikimedia Deutschland made a great video explainer in both English and German.
NCompass Live hosted a webinar: The Wikimedia Foundation’s Alex Stinson alongside Wiki-Librarians Jessamyn West, Phoebe Ayers, Merrilee Profitt and Kelly Doyle provided an overview of the ways different library communities can improve Wikipedia.
Wikipedian in Residence at the University of Edinburgh, Ewan McAndrew, developed excellent introductory videos for how to contribute to #1lib1ref!
A global story grows bigger
The campaign is already bigger than last year, as we’ve already surpassed our contributions from last year and we’re not even finished yet. To capture the scope and excitement, we created a Storify to capture and share some of the most interesting of last week’s tweets, which numbered over 1,000.
We still have two more weeks to go! Keep pushing to get your local librarians and libraries involved with the campaign, and help share the gift of a citation with the world.
Alex Stinson, GLAM Strategist Jake Orlowitz, Head of the Wikipedia Library Wikimedia Foundation
There is a site that lets users create customised and unusual lists of art works: works of art whose title is an alliteration, self-portraits by female artists, watercolour paintings wider than they are tall, and so on. These queries do not use any gallery or museum’s web site or search interface but draw from many collections around the world. The art works can be presented in various ways, perhaps on a map of locations they depict, or in a timeline of their creation, colour-coded by the collection where they are held. The data are incomplete, but these are the early days of an ongoing and ambitious project to share data about cultural heritage—all of it.
Wikimedia is a family of charitable projects that are together building an archive of human knowledge and culture, freely shareable and reusable by anyone for any purpose. Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia, is only the best-known part of this effort. Wikidata is a free knowledge base, with facts and figures about tens of millions of items. These data are offered as freely as possible, with no restriction at all on their copying and reuse.
Already, large amounts of data about artworks are being shared by formal partnerships. The University of Barcelona have worked with Wikimedians to share data about Art Nouveau works, recognising that it is far better to have all these data in one place than scattered across various online and offline sources. The National Library of Wales has employed a Wikidata Visiting Scholar to share data about its artworks, including the people and places they depict. The Finnish National Gallery, the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam and the National Galleries of Scotland are among the institutions who have either formally uploaded catalogue data to Wikidata, or made data freely available for import. To see the sizes of these shared catalogues, one just has to ask Wikidata.
Wikidata queries can be built using SPARQL, a database query language not for the faint-of-geek. However, there is an open community of users sharing and improving queries. The visualisations they create can be shared online or embedded inside other sites or apps. Developers can build applications for the public; easy to use, but offering a distinctive view of Wikidata’s web of knowledge.
One such application is Crotos, a family of tools generating image galleries and maps of art, filtered by format, artist, place depicted and other attributes. Crotos shows images of the art, so it only includes works with a digital image available in Wikimedia Commons. Wikidata itself has no such restriction: it describes art whether or not a freely-shareable scan is available.
So while the Wikidata site itself might not have mass appeal, the service it provides is gradually transforming the online world, providing a single source of data for some of the most popular web sites and apps. Those “infoboxes” summarising key facts and figures at the top of Wikipedia articles are increasingly being driven from Wikidata, so dates, locations and other facts can be entered in one place but appear on hundreds of sites.
The really exciting prospect is that of building visualisations and other interactive educational objects, integrating information from many collections and other data sources. Wikidata would be interesting enough as an art database, but it also shares bibliographic, genealogical, scientific, and other kinds of data, covering modern as well as historical topics. This allows combined queries, such as art by people born in a particular region and time period, or works depicting people described in a particular book.
Wikidata is massively multilingual, using language-independent identifiers and connecting these to names in hundreds of languages as well as to formal identifiers. In a way it is the ultimate authority file; a modern Rosetta Stone connecting identifiers from institutions’ authority files, scholarly databases and other catalogues (Hinojo (2015)).
There are thousands of properties that a Wikidata item can have. Just considering a small selection that are relevant to art and culture, it is clear that the number of possible queries is astronomical.
Many features of an art work can be described:
instance of: in other words, the type. Wikidata has many types to choose from, from oil sketch and drawing, via architectural sculpture and stained glass, to aquatint and linocut
collection
material used
height, width
genre, movement
co-ordinates of the point of view
People and places can be connected to an artwork: depicts, creator, attributed to, owned by, after a work by, commissioned by.
There are relations between people: parent, sibling, influenced by, school of, author and addressee of a letter.
People can also be connected to groups or organisations: member of, founder, employer, educated at.
With so many kinds of data, Wikidata draws in volunteer contributors with varying interests. Just as there are people who will sit down for an evening to improve a Wikipedia article or to categorise images on Wikimedia Commons, there are people fixing and improving Wikidata’s entries and queries. As with Wikipedia, Wikidata benefits from the intersection of different interests. Contributors speak different languages and have different background knowledge. Some are interested in a particular institution’s collection, while others are interested in a particular style of art, others in a given location or historic individual. Hence one entry can attract multiple contributors, each motivated by a different interest.
Over time, Wikidata’s role in Wikipedia will expand. Explore English Wikipedia and you find many list articles, such as List of works by Salvador Dalí or List of Hiberno-Saxon illuminated manuscripts. At the moment, these are all manually maintained, but a program—the ListeriaBot—has been created to turn Wikidata queries into lists suitable for Wikipedia: see for example this (draft) list of paintings of art galleries. Catalan Wikipedia, with a much smaller contributor base than the English language version, is already using the bot to write list articles such as Works of Jacob van Ruisdael, saving many hours of human effort. As automated creation of list articles becomes more widespread, cultural institutions that share catalogue data will help ensure the correctness and completeness of these articles.
Like Wikipedia, Wikidata depends on Verifiability: any statement of fact is expected to cite or link a credible published source. Hence it has active links to catalogues and other formally vetted sites, which usually supply more scholarly detail and primary research than Wikidata itself. So Wikidata is not a replacement for cultural institutions’ catalogues. The hub metaphor is apt: it is a central point, linking together disparate resources and giving them a useful shape. Its credibility will always depend on the formally vetted sources that it cites, and there will always be users who want to check what they read by following up the citations. In practice, this means that sharing ten thousand records with Wikidata is a way to get ten thousand incoming links to the institution’s own catalogue. What’s more, the free reuse of Wikidata means that other sites will use those links.
Wikidata and its partners have a huge task ahead of them, but the potential reward is vast. We could have data on all artworks, browsable in endless and genuinely new ways, with connections to their official catalogues, their physical locations, and scholarly literature. The sooner the cultural sector as a whole gets involved, the sooner we can bring this about.
The learning curve when you start editing Wikipedia and its sister projects can be steep. To help you get started, we’ve compiled some advice that will help you navigate the complexity of the Wikimedia projects.
Check out the Getting Started page for general advice and information about how Wikipedia works before you start editing. There are a lot of written and visual tutorials as well as links to policies and guidelines used on the site. A quick look at the main editorial policies of Wikipedia, known as the Five Pillars, is also worthwhile.
1) Identify a subject area you know about
Usually people have a particular area that they know about or are interested in. Wikipedia has project pages where people with similar interests go to discuss writing. They’re a great place to see what subjects you can contribute to – they often have advice on what work needs to be done in their area: Directory of Wikiprojects.
For example, if you’re interested in increasing the number of articles about women on Wikipedia, look at the Women in Red project page.
2) Fight the desire to create a new article straight away
There are lots of ways to contribute to Wikipedia, and creating a new article is a big step when you’re starting out. Instead, you could try:
Making copyedits (correcting mistakes).
Improving stubs (enlarging small articles) Here’s a Twitter bot that lists stubs for you.
Contributing to red link lists (a red link is a page that does not exist on WP yet).
3) Start with a reference
Wikipedia is the best available version of the evidence about any subject, so if you have factual books at home, find a good fact and insert a reference on a page about that topic. Be careful, however; some subjects have higher referencing criteria, especially the medical pages, so if you’re not a specialist in a complex area like medicine, start with a simpler subject area.
As well as Wikipedia, one of the most important Wikimedia projects is Wikimedia Commons. If you’re more of a visual content creator than a writer, your photos might be useful to illustrate articles on Wikipedia.
Uploading to Commons means you agree that others can use your content for free without asking you as long as they give you credit as the author of the work. This agreement is called an Open License or a Creative Commons license, which go by odd names like CC BY-SA 4.0.
There are monthly photo competitions: current challenges are on drone photography, rail transport and home appliances.
You can also use the WikiShootMe tool to see what Wikipedia articles and Wikidata items are geolocated near your present location. Why not take images of some of the places listed and add the photos to their pages and data items?
5) Try to identify content gaps
The English Wikipedia now has around 5.3 million articles, but the type of content skews towards the interests of the groups of people who are more likely to edit it. There’s lots of articles on Pokemon and WWE wrestling, but less about ethnic minorities, important women, non-European history and culture, and many other topics.
There is a tool that you can use to search for content gaps by comparing one Wikipedia to another to see which articles exist in, for example, Spanish, but not in English. You can try it out here.
6) Talk to other people in the community for advice
Wikipedia has a help section with advice on how to get started, including a message board for asking questions and a help chatroom. There are also Facebook groups and IRC channels if you’re that cool.
If you’re one of those kinds of people who enjoys interacting with actual human beings in real life as well as online, there are social meetups for the Wikimedia community every month in London, Oxford and Cambridge, and periodically in Manchester and Edinburgh. There are also lots of events you can come to about specific subjects, many of which are hosted by our Wikimedians-in-Residence.
—
A lot of people use Wikipedia but never edit it, and consequently never think about how much effort goes into creating it. Participating in the creation of knowledge yourself is a really instructive way to discover how knowledge is created and structured, and the issues we face in producing accurate and impartial knowledge.
If you speak another language, you can practice by translating articles from English into a target language, and at the same time help people to educate themselves for free in another part of the world.
The world can feel disempowering sometimes, but if you help to create a good article or upload a good photograph, it could be seen by hundreds of thousands of people, and you could make a difference to someone’s education, or government policy, or the visibility of minority cultures.
So if you’ve decided to become more involved in Wikipedia or its sister projects this year, thank you! Wikimedia UK is here to support you, so don’t hesitate to get in touch and ask for advice. Wikipedia has always been, and will continue to be a work in progress, and we think that provides exciting opportunities to help create a world in which every single human being can freely share in the sum of all knowledge.
Jimmy Wales interviewed at the BBC 100 Women event – Image by BBC/Henry Iddon CC BY-SA 3.0
By Lucy Crompton-Reid, Chief Executive, Wikimedia UK
On 8th December 2016, Wikimedia communities around the world held a multi-lingual, multi-location editathon in partnership with the BBC to raise awareness of the gender gap on Wikipedia, improve coverage of women and encourage women to edit. In the UK, events took place at BBC sites in Cardiff, Glasgow and Reading as well as the flagship event at Broadcasting House in London; while around the world, events took place in cities including Cairo, Islamabad, Jerusalem, Kathmandu, Miami, Rio de Janeiro, Rome, Sao Paulo and Washington DC. Virtual editathons were organised by Wikimedia Bangladesh, and by Wikimujeres, Wikimedia Argentina and Wikimedia México for the Spanish-language Wikipedia. Women in Red were a strategic partner for the whole project, facilitating international partnerships between the BBC and local Wikimedia communities, helping to identify content gaps and sources and working incredibly hard behind the scenes to improve new articles that were created as part of the project. The global editathon was the finale of the BBC’s 100 Women series in 2016 and attracted substantial radio, television, online and print media coverage worldwide.
The events were attended by hundreds of participants, many of them women and first-time editors, with nearly a thousand articles about women created or improved during the day itself. Impressively, Women in Red volunteers contributed over 500 new biographies to Wikipedia, with nearly 3000 articles improved as part of the campaign. Participants edited in languages including Arabic, Dari, English, Hausa, Hindi, Pashto, Persian, Russian, Spanish, Thai, Turkish, Urdu and Vietnamese, and were encouraged to live tweet the event using the shared hashtag #100womenwiki.
The online impact of #100womenwiki was significant, however of equal importance was the media coverage generated by the partnership. The BBC has a global reach of more than 350 million people a week, so this was a unique opportunity to highlight the gender gap, to raise the profile of the global Wikimedia community, and to reach potential new editors and supporters. In the UK, I was interviewed by Radio 5Live and Radio 4’s prestigious Today programme, while my colleague Stuart Prior and I appeared on the BBC World Service’s Science in Action programme. Dr Alice White, Wikimedian-in-Residence at the Wellcome Library, was also interviewed by 5Live and Jimmy Wales came to Broadcasting House to be interviewed by BBC World News, BBC Outside Source and Facebook Live. The story was featured heavily on the BBC’s online news coverage on 8th December – with an article by Rosie Stephenson-Goodknight that you can read here – and the project was covered by the Guardian, the Independent and Metro in the UK, and other print and online media across the world.
Women editing Wikipedia at the BBC 100 Women editathon – Image by BBC/Henry Iddon CC BY-SA 3.0
The partnership with the BBC would not have been possible without the vision and energy of Fiona Crack, Editor and Founder of BBC 100 Women. After the events I spoke to her about what had been achieved and she reflected on how the combined reach and audience of the BBC and Wikimedia inspired and engaged people interested in women’s representation online. She commented “It was a buzzing event here in London, but the satellite events from Kathmandu to Nairobi, Istanbul to Jakarta were the magic that made 100 Women and Wikimedia’s partnership so special”
Clearly a project like #100womenwiki, focused on a single day of events, could never be a panacea for the gender gap on Wikimedia. After all, this is a complex issue reflecting systemic bias and gender inequality both online and in the wider world. With more lead-in time and resources, the partnership could have been even more successful, involving more Wikimedians and engaging and supporting more new editors. However, events and partnerships like these demonstrate that the gender gap is not an entirely intractable issue. Within the global Wikimedia community, there are a significant number of people who are motivated to create change and willing to give up their free time contributing to Wikipedia and the sister projects, organising events, training editors and activating other volunteers and contributors in order to achieve it. As the Chief Executive of Wikimedia UK, committed to building an inclusive online community and ensuring that Wikipedia reflects our diverse society and is free from bias, this is, inspiring, encouraging and humbling.
Editors at work at Swansea University – image by Llywelyn2000
In the last few years many editathons have been held in Wales encouraging people to write articles on women. Many new Women editors have been trained at the History Department at Swansea University since their first editathon in May 2014 and others at the National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth and at Machynlleth and Ruthin.
The efforts to improve and increase articles on women on Welsh Wikipedia has been steered by Wikimedia UK Wales Manager Robin Owain and a strong and committed Welsh Wikipedia community. The Welsh Wikipedia currently has nearly 90,000 articles and is ranked 60th largest out of a total of 284 language Wikipedias all over the world, punching well above its weight.
In June 2016 the proportion of biographical articles about women on Wiki Cymru was 32%. Yesterday saw that balance turned on its head for the first time on any Wikipedia with more than 10,000 articles. There are now 9,312 biographies on women and 8,123 of men on Welsh Wikipedia, and we hope that the success of achieving a more gender balanced site encourages more women to become editors.
Wikimedia UK is helping to build an inclusive online community and ensure that the Wikimedia projects reflect our diverse society and are free from bias. Wales Manager Robin Owain says that, “The number of biographies is now balanced, which is a big achievement for a small Wikipedia, but we now need to look at other factors such as increasing the content of articles from being male orientated, to being more balanced and gender neutral.”
Source:
The calculation of the gender of all biographies is made through a Wikidata Query on this page.
Women editing Wikipedia on Ada Lovelace Day – Image by Jwslubbock
BBC to partner with Wikipedia editors in a global 12 hour ‘edit-a-thon’
The BBC has today announced a collaboration with Wikipedia editors around the world to hold a 12 hour global ‘edit-a-thon’ on Thursday 8th December 2016 to encourage more female editors on the site and increase articles about women. This multi-location, multilingual event is a partnership between the BBC, Wikimedia UK, and members of the Wikipedia community.
Recent figures show women are 27 times more likely to be abused online, and in the developing world nearly 25% fewer women than men have access to the Internet.* The absence of powerful females online is also apparent. Only an estimated 15% of Wikipedia editors are women and less than 17% of biographies are of women. And over the last three years, half of the BBC’s 100 women listed do not have a Wikipedia article.
Combining the reach and resources of both Wikipedia and the BBC World Service, the edit-a-thon will aim to make a visible impact on one of the world’s most visited websites which averages more than 18 billion page views per month.
It will run for a day across various global locations including Cairo, Delhi, Dhaka, Jerusalem, Islamabad, London, Glasgow, Miami, Moscow, Sao Paulo, Kabul, Kathmandu and Washington DC. Editors in locations around the world will add unrepresented women to the site, improve the existing coverage of women, and edit articles of their choosing.
Edits in languages including Arabic, Dari, Hausa, Hindi, Pashto, Persian, Russian, Spanish, Thai, Turkish, Urdu and Vietnamese will be recorded and live tweeted, with the shared hashtag #100womenwiki. The event will be shown on the BBC’s live page bbc.co.uk/100women, on BBC World News and on its social media platforms over the course of the day.
Fiona Crack, BBC 100 Women Editor, said:
“Working in news we know that women are more likely to share the stories they get online than men – but the internet can be a negative place for women. Instances of revenge porn and trolling are much higher for women. It seemed a fitting end to the season to find way of addressing some of that sexism. The edit-a-thon will see the BBC making content around some of the forgotten and exceptional women, who deserve profiles on Wikipedia, but who don’t currently appear. We’re hoping for new pages, new edits, added photos, better citations, longer articles and more women editing in more languages. This is an ambitious project, but enlisting women to contribute is a great way of making the internet less gender biased.”
Lucy Crompton-Reid, Chief Executive of Wikimedia UK, said:
“Wikimedia is committed to building an inclusive online community and ensuring that Wikipedia reflects our diverse society and is free from bias. We are very excited to be working with BBC 100 Women to encourage more women around the world to contribute to Wikipedia and increase coverage of women on the world’s free encyclopedia that anyone can edit.”
The edit-a-thon will mark the end of this year’s BBC’s 100 Women season which has seen three weeks of thought-provoking broadcast and online special reports, debates, programmes and journalism, running online at bbc.com/100Women, on BBC World News TV, and on the 29 global languages services of BBC World Service Group, as well as network news.
If you’re doing research, only around 17% of notable profiles you’ll find on Wikipedia are of women.
If you’re in the developing world, nearly 25% fewer women than the men around you have access to the Internet.
Notes to Editors
The BBC attracts a weekly global news audience of 320 million people to its international news services including BBC World Service, BBC World News television channel and bbc.com/news.
BBC World Service delivers news content around the world in English and 29 other language services, on radio, TV and digital, reaching a weekly audience of 246 million. As part of BBC World Service, BBC Learning English teaches English to global audiences. For more information, visit bbc.com/worldservice. The BBC attracts a weekly global news audience of 320 million people to its international news services including BBC World Service, BBC World News television channel and bbc.com/news.
BBC World News and BBC.com, the BBC’s commercially funded international 24-hour English news platforms, are owned and operated by BBC Global News Ltd. BBC World News television is available in more than 200 countries and territories worldwide, and over 433 million households and 3 million hotel rooms. The channel’s content is also available on 178 cruise ships, 53 airlines, including 13 distributing the channel live inflight, and 23 mobile phone networks. BBC.com offers up-to-the- minute international news and in-depth analysis for PCs, tablets and mobile devices to more than 95 million unique browsers each month.
For more information re BBC World Service contact: kayley.rogers@bbc.co.uk
Every year thousands of people from across take part in the world’s largest photography competition. After a hiatus in 2015, the UK took part in this year’s competition. The winners were outstanding, and if you haven’t seen them yet you can do so on our blog.
For the UK, 266 people uploaded more than 6,270 photos. This brings us one step closer to our ultimate goal which is to have an image of every historic site in the country. An impressive 3,911 of these came from three people, and altogether eight people added more than 100 photos to the competition. Some of these people are veteran editors who dive into the competition, some have taken part in our previous competitions, and at least one person created their account during the competition. The competition motivates people to go out and photograph their surroundings.
All the images sit on Wikimedia Commons, the image database that underpins Wikipedia and its sister sites. A proportion of these will end up in Wikipedia articles, on Wikidata, WikiVoyage, or even WikiBooks, about 15.4% as of writing from the UK entries across the three editions. The rest build a valuable free resource of visual media that can be used for journalism, graphic design or many other disciplines in which creators need open licensed images. Ending up on Wikipedia is not the be all and end all (there are only so many images that will fit on a page!) but does reach a huge audience.
So we want to give a big thank you to everyone who took part in the competition this year! We would especially like to thank top contributors Edwardx, Philafrenzy and Mike Peel.
If you are curious about the languages and cultures of the world, follow Wikidelta on Twitter. It’s an unofficial and experimental account which is an attempt to discover what could be unique in each of the languages of Wikipedia.
If you are curious about the languages and cultures of the world, follow Wikidelta on Twitter. It’s an unofficial and experimental account which is an attempt to discover what could be unique in each of the languages of Wikipedia.
The account selects a world language at random. It then posts links, one at a time, to unique Wikipedia articles in that language:
A unique article, as I define it here, is one which has no links to other language versions. In other words, there are no known translations, adaptations or other versions of that article. Every article shared has zero counterparts in any other language’s Wikipedia – at the time of tweeting.
There are 284 language versions of Wikipedia currently active, all maintained largely by volunteers like you and me who create articles according to their interest and expertise.
Every link you see shared from the Wikidelta account is an example of the potential uniqueness of a topic expressed in a particular language, usually created by a user of that language.
Surprises every day
Each link offers us a moment to recognise a contribution and topic which may have received little attention, especially outside its own language community or communities.
For some languages it’s possible to get the gist of the article using automatic machine translation.
In the above example Wikidelta has chosen to post links in Persian/Farsi. The tweet announcing this uses the endonym first (the name of the language in the language itself), followed by the English name of the language, followed by a short hashtag which gives the language code (which is also its Wikipedia subdomain).
In the example the randomly chosen link in the tweet appears to be a film, and one in the medium of Persian/Farsi. According to machine translation the title conveys something like “Yassin Castle”. Please note that this is not necessarily a recommendation of this film (which I have not seen) although I am told that are many magnificent Iranian films to reward the attention.
Poetry, literature, culture and more
What could be unique in each language’s Wikipedia?
My initial interest in the uniqueness of articles led to my creation of an automated account called UnigrywUnigryw in April 2016. This account was, and is, a forerunner of Wikidelta and is focused exclusively on articles in Cymraeg (Welsh).
Since it began examples of articles unique to Welsh from this account have included:
a great number of articles about cynghanedd, particular forms of consonantal alliteration and rhyme which are characteristic of strict metre poetry in the language
All of these types of article are in some way connected to Wales and its language. I would expect to see parallels with the other languages shared by Wikidelta. For instance, there is a uniqueness to any given language’s poetry so we could expect that to be regularly highlighted in Wikidelta.
But sometimes the unique articles have no obvious connection to a nation or its language – except for the fact that somebody somewhere just wanted to create an article about a particular (or peculiar!) topic.
Adding interlanguage links
Sometimes an article appears unique because no Wikipedia contributor has yet managed to add interlanguage links pointing to its counterparts in other languages.
Wikipedia is an ever growing and evolving project, so the perceived uniqueness might be caused by the lack of a small edit job.
If the meaning of the article is 100% obvious then that edit job can be accomplished by anybody, including non-fluent users, in a few seconds. This benefits not only Wikipedia but Wikidata as well.
(Here’s an example tweet for Wikipedia Gàidhlig where I have added interlanguage links to an article about a Westminster parliamentary constituency.)
Further research and development
I am just beginning to discover patterns in the output, as I examine the output of the underlying software script which powers the Wikidelta project.
For example the average article length and average number of images and other multimedia elements in an article appear to correlate with how well resourced a language may be.
I am also producing a chart of all the Wikipedia languages ordered by how ‘unique’ they are, and looking to share this another time.
In the meantime my intention is to add certain checks to Wikidelta which will be proxies for article quality, e.g. number of contributors, minimum length of article, multimedia elements and so on. At the time of writing the unique articles are chosen at random but I hope to add more to the algorithm, showcase the ‘best’ articles that each language can offer, and thereby burst our online filter bubbles in unexpected ways.
How to help / acknowledgments
I hope that you enjoy Wikidelta and that you learn something fascinating about our world today.
If you would like to help then please follow the Wikidelta account and feel free to retweet any tweets you find interesting. Additionally you may wish to do some Wikipedia editing and improvement as a result of what you see. If your language is not on the list of Wikipedias and you want to start one with some other fluent users of your language then there may be somebody else who can help.
There is potential research work to be done here so please contact me if you’d like to work together on something.
You may also translate this article into your language and re-publish it elsewhere. It’s licensed under CC-BY-SA.
Os ydych chi’n chwilfrydig am ieithoedd a diwylliannau’r byd, dilynwch Wicidelta ar Twitter. Cyfrif answyddogol ac arbrofol ydy e sy’n ymgais i ddarganfod yr hyn a allai fod yn unigryw ym mhob un o ieithoedd Wicipedia.
Os ydych chi’n chwilfrydig am ieithoedd a diwylliannau’r byd, dilynwch Wicidelta ar Twitter. Cyfrif answyddogol ac arbrofol ydy e sy’n ymgais i ddarganfod yr hyn a allai fod yn unigryw ym mhob un o ieithoedd Wicipedia.
Mae’r cyfrif yn dewis iaith ar hap. Wedyn mae’n postio dolenni, un ar y tro, at erthyglau Wicipedia unigryw yn yr iaith honno.
Erthygl unigryw, yn ôl fy niffiniad i yma, ydy un heb ddolenni at fersiynau eraill mewn ieithoedd eraill. Mewn geiriau eraill, nid oes unrhyw gyfieithiadau, addasiadau na fersiynau eraill o’r erthygl honno. Mae pob erthygl yn un heb ei thebyg mewn unrhyw iaith arall – ar adeg y trydariad.
Mae 284 fersiwn iaith Wicipedia sy’n weithredol ar hyn o bryd, ac mae pob un yn cael ei chynnal yn bennaf gan wirfoddolwyr fel chi a fi sy’n creu erthyglau yn ôl eu diddordeb a’u harbenigedd.
Mae pob dolen rydych chi’n gweld ar y cyfrif Wicidelta yn enghraifft o natur unigryw posibl o bwnc a fynegir mewn iaith benodol, a grëwyd fel arfer gan ddefnyddiwr yr iaith honno.
Gyda llaw mae fersiwn Cymraeg a fersiwn Saesneg o Wicidelta. Dim ond y bywgraffiad a’r trydariadau ‘datgan iaith’ yn wahanol. Dros amser byddan nhw yn mynd drwy’r ieithoedd i gyd. Ond dw i wedi penderfynu bod nhw yn postio dolenni hollol wahanol er mwyn osgoi unrhyw amheuaeth o sbam wrth system Twitter!
Syndodau pob dydd
Mae pob dolen yn cynnig cyfle i gydnabod cyfraniad a phwnc a allai fod wedi cael dim ond ychydig o sylw, yn enwedig y tu allan i’w gymuned neu gymunedau iaith ei hun.
Ar gyfer rhai ieithoedd, mae’n bosibl cael awgrym o’r erthygl drwy ddefnyddio cyfieithu peirianyddol awtomatig.
Yn y ddelwedd gyntaf uchod mae Wicidelta wedi dewis postio dolenni yn yr iaith Aromaneg. Mae’r trydariad sy’n datgan hyn yn defnyddio’r endonym yn gyntaf (enw’r iaith yn yr iaith ei hun), wedi’i ddilyn gan yr enw yn Gymraeg, wedi’i ddilyn gan hashnod fer sy’n cynnig cod yr iaith (sydd hefyd yn is-barth Wicipedia ar gyfer yr iaith honno). Mae hi wedi bod yn dipyn o ymdrech i ganfod yr enwau yn Gymraeg a dweud y gwir ac mae dal angen rhai – gobeithio bydd pobl yn creu erthyglau Wicipedia Cymraeg am yr holl ieithoedd diddorol yma!
Yn y ddelwedd yma mae’r ddolen a ddewiswyd ar hap yn edrych fel bod hi’n arwain at ffilm, ac un drwy gyfrwng y Berseg. Yn ôl cyfieithu peirianyddol mae’r teitl yn cyfleu rhywbeth fel “Castell Yassin”. Nodwch nad yw hyn o reidrwydd yn argymell y ffilm hon (dw i ddim wedi ei gweld) er fy mod i wedi clywed bod llawer o ffilmiau Iran godidog i’w gwylio.
Barddoniaeth, llenyddiaeth, diwylliant a mwy
Beth allai fod yn unigryw yn Wicipedia pob iaith?
Dechreuodd fy niddordeb mewn unigrywiaeth erthyglau mewn cyfrif awtomateg o’r enw UnigrywUnigryw ym mis Ebrill 2016. Mae’r cyfrif yn fath o ragflaenydd Wicidelta sy’n canolbwyntio ar erthyglau yn Gymraeg.
Dyma enghreifftiau o’r erthyglau unigryw i’r Gymraeg o’r cyfrif hwn ers y dechrau:
nifer fawr o erthyglau gwahanol am fathau gwahanol o gynghanedd
Mae pob un o’r mathau hyn o erthygl mewn rhyw ffordd yn gysylltiedig â Chymru a’i hiaith. Byddwn yn disgwyl gweld paralelau yn yr ieithoedd eraill a rennir gan Wicidelta. Er enghraifft mae unigrywiaeth i farddoniaeth unrhyw iaith felly gallen ni ddisgwyl gweld hyn yn rheolaidd ar Wicidelta.
Ond weithiau does dim cysylltiad amlwg rhwng yr erthyglau unigryw â’r genedl neu iaith – heblaw am y ffaith bod rhywun yn rhywle jyst eisiau creu erthygl am bwnc penodol!
Ychwanegu cysylltau rhyngwici rhwng ieithoedd
Weithiau mae erthygl yn ymddangos yn unigryw oherwydd nad oes cyfrannwr Wicipedia wedi llwyddo i ychwanegu dolenni rhyngwici i erthyglau mewn ieithoedd eraill eto.
Mae Wicipedia yn brosiect sy’n tyfu ac esblygu drwy’r amser, felly efallai bod yr unigrywiaeth oherwydd diffyg job olygu fach.
Os yw ystyr yr erthygl yn 100% amlwg, gallai unrhyw un wneud y job olygu, gan gynnwys defnyddwyr nad ydynt yn rhugl mewn ychydig eiliadau. Mae hyn o fudd nid yn unig i Wicipedia ond Wicidata hefyd.
(Dyma enghraifft o drydariad o’r fersiwn Saesneg o Wicidelta lle dw i wedi ychwanegu dolenni rhyngiaith i erthygl Wicipedia Gàidhlig am etholaeth seneddol San Steffan.)
Ymchwil a datblygu pellach
Dw i newydd ddechrau darganfod patrymau yn yr allbwn, tra fy mod yn edrych ar allbwn y sgript meddalwedd sylfaenol sy’n gyrru Wicidelta.
Er enghraifft, mae’n ymddangos bod cydberthynas rhwng pethau fel hyd erthygl cyfartalog a nifer cyfartalog o ddelweddau ac elfennau amlgyfrwng eraill mewn erthygl – a pha mor dda mae’r iaith yn cael ei ‘adnoddu’, fel petai.
Dw i hefyd yn cynhyrchu siart o holl ieithoedd Wicipedia mewn trefn pa mor ‘unigryw’ y maent, ac am rannu hyn rywbryd eto.
Yn y cyfamser dw i’n bwriadu ychwanegu gwiriadau penodol i Wicidelta sy’n cynrychioli ansawdd yr erthygl, e.e. nifer o gyfranwyr, lleiafswm hyd yr erthygl, elfennau amlgyfrwng ac yn y blaen. Ar hyn o bryd mae’r system yn dewis yr erthyglau unigryw ar hap, ond dw i am ychwanegu rhagor at yr algorithm a thrwy hynny arddangos yr erthyglau ‘gorau’ y gall pob iaith ei gynnig, ac yna byrstio ein swigod hidlo ar-lein mewn ffyrdd annisgwyl.
Sut i helpu / rhoi cydnabyddiaeth
Dw i’n gobeithio y byddwch yn mwynhau Wicidelta ac yn dysgu rhywbeth diddorol am ein byd heddiw.
Os hoffech helpu, dilynwch y cyfrif Wicidelta ac mae croeso i chi aildrydar unrhyw drydariadau o ddiddordeb i chi. Yn ogystal efallai y byddwch am wneud rhywfaint o olygu a gwella Wicipedia o ganlyniad i’r hyn a welwch. Os ydych yn rhugl mewn iaith sydd ddim ar y rhestr o Wicipediau ac rydych am ddechrau un gyda rhai defnyddwyr rhugl eraill, efallai bod rhywun arall sy’n gallu helpu.
Mae gwaith ymchwil posibl i’w wneud yma, felly cysylltwch â mi os hoffech gydweithio ar rywbeth.
Gallech gyfieithu’r erthygl hon i ieithoedd eraill ac ail-gyhoeddi mewn mannau eraill. Trwyddedwyd yr erthygl o dan CC-BY-SA.
Map of Wales, from Atlas Ortelius by Abraham Ortelius. Original edition from 1571 – Image by Koninklijke Bibliotheek, the Dutch National Library
Blog by Robin Owain, Wikimedia UK Manager
In December 1996 I uploaded around 150 of my published poems on a website, ”Rebel ar y We” (‘Rebel on the Web’), available to all, free of charge. In 2005, after my son’s illness, I changed the title to ”Rhedeg ar Wydr” (‘Running on a Glass Roof’). A few months later a revue was published by the Welsh Books Council in their magazine ”Llais Llyfrau”, which recognised that this was the first time a Welsh book had been placed on the web, the first Welsh e-book.
I urged other writers to publish on the web, rather than through a publisher; the middleman, the censor. The uproar which followed was not nice, especially by one publisher in North Wales who saw it as the beginning of the end! “Hundreds of pounds are at stake!” he wrote (”Golwg”, 16 March 2000), and for the next 10 years I was ‘sent to Coventry’ by the media. In an interview on BBC’s Radio Cymru around 2010 a listener phoned in and rudely chastised me by saying, “Don’t speak through your hat! Of course you can’t get a book to move down a phone-line and appear in another place!” And, yes, that was only 6 years ago! How things have changed!
Contributing ‘free information for everybody’ was my battle-cry, and the reason I started editing Wikipedia, with my first edit as User Llywelyn2000 on 7 June 2008, when cy-wiki already had a grand total of 16,000 articles. Today it has 81,400.
After the birth of en-wiki, it took around two years before her Welsh sibling, cy-wiki, appeared (July 2003). That first article was – and yes we are myopic! – ‘Wales’ with ‘List of Welsh people’, ‘Squirrel’, ‘David R. Edwards’ and ‘Owain Gwynedd’ quickly following.
Left to right: Robin Owain, Marc Haynes and Aled Powell
In July 2008, I began to discuss on cy-wiki how we could reach out to public bodies in Wales, and develop further and faster through funding. The National Library and the Welsh universities were mentioned, and by January 2015 we had had a Wikipedian in Residence in both institutions.
At that point cy-wiki had 20,000 articles, and a development plan was created (April 2012) and £65,000 funding received from the Welsh Government, topped up by Wikimedia UK. I was appointed Manager of the project ‘Living Paths’, many new editors were trained, and content released on an open licence. In a sense, it opened the closet!
Of all the experiences in the last 8 years, the one which really sticks is the second meeting of the Welsh Language and Technology Advisory Committee. On 9 July 2012 I had arranged to meet the Minister Leyton Andrews, and together with the Chair of Wikimedia UK at that time, Roger Bamkin, we met him at his office in Cardiff. His answers to all seven of our requests were “Yes I can!” or “Yes we will!”
Within weeks I become a member of his advisory board, and it was in the second meeting that one of his main officers, Gareth Morlais, announced that Google had just informed them that the main criterion which determined whether or not their projects (Google Docs, Google Drive, Maps etc.) would be translated into another language was… the number of articles in that language’s Wikipedia. And that really struck home! All eyes turned towards me, and the weight of such responsibility became heavy and awesome!
Robin Owain receiving an award at WikiConference UK 2013 – Image by Mike Peel
Other mile-stones, through my dragon tinted spectacles, include:
21 December 2012first Welsh ‘bot’: BOT-Twm Crys (transl: ‘Shirt Button’), creating redirections from Latin names of moths and butterflies to Welsh articles.
December 2012 Two meetings: editors of the Welsh encylopaedia (”’Gwyddoniadur Cymreig”’) and the second with Andrew Green, Head Librarian and Dafydd Tudur, Digital Access Manager at the National Library of Wales. Both Roger Bamkin and Ashley, representing Wikimedia UK were also at the meetings.
September 2013 I started the @WiciCymru Twitter account.
December 2013 I helped coordinate Wikimedia UK’s ‘EduWiki’ down in Cardiff, with Gareth Morlais opening the conference on behalf of the Welsh Government.
January 2014 Aled Powell appointed as Wici Cymru’s Training Organiser, as part of the ‘Living Paths’ project.
January 2014 Marc Haynes appointed as full time Wikipedian in residence at the Coleg Cymraeg (Welsh language ‘federal’ university).
January 2015 Jason Evans appointed WiR at the National Library of Wales.
Autumn 2016 9,500 new articles on living birds through our partnership with the nature group ‘Llen Natur’ (a branch of ‘Cymdeithas Edward Llwyd’) bringing the total number of articles to 81,000.
Autumn 2016 13,000 images taken from Commons appear on Llen Natur’s ‘Dictionary of Species’, turning it into the biggest Illustrated Dictionary of Species Wales has ever seen!
And the milestones will continue long after I’m gone, for I, certainly am not important. We are all Amazonian ants building a fine nest, where the whole is much greater than its parts. But I’m really honoured to be a part of something good, free, open, organic, where every language is respected as being a part of that wider spectrum.
Cy-wiki, is part of the conservation of that rich diversity, where my little language and way of life are respected and recognised within the big picture.
Yn Rhagfyr 1996, rhoddais dros 150 o fy ngherddi ar y we am ddim i bawb mewn casgliad o’r enw Rebel ar y We a newidiwyd yn 2005 i Redeg ar Wydr. Ychydig yn ddiweddarach cychwynais gylchgrawn digidol i blant, o’r enw Byd y Beirdd, gan alw ar feirdd roi eu gwaith hwythau ar y we am ddim i bawb. Erbyn heddiw, gallem alw Rebel ar y We yn e-lyfr, ond doedd y gair hwnnw ddim ar gael am ugain mlynedd arall! A hithau’n 2016, a’r gyfrol yn 20 oed, chlywais i ddim am unrhyw ddathliad o fath yn y byd! Cyhoeddwyd dros fil o e-lyfrau ers hynny, ond ychydig iawn sydd am ddim. A mi eith y pen-blwydd heibio, mi wranta, heb ganhwyllau, balwnau na cherdyn pen-blwydd! Cyn troi at brosiectau Wicimedia, dyma osod llwyfan am y cyd-destun: meddylfryd rhai Cymry yn y cyfnod cyn eu laniso.
Chredwch chi ddim y cicio a’r gweiddi ym mhlentyndod y we Gymraeg! Er i bob un o feirdd Byd y Beirdd lofnodi cytundeb ysgrifenedig yn rhoi eu hawl i gyhoeddi’r cerddi, gwaeddodd un perchennog gwasg yng Ngogledd Cymru: “Mae cannoedd o bunnoedd yn y fantol!” (Gweler Golwg, 16 Mawrth 2000) gan gyhoeddi fod perygl mewn cyhoeddi “amaturaidd” pan nad oes arian yn newid dwylo! Roedd yn gweld ei golled ariannol ei hun yn bwysicach na hawl llenorion Cymru i gyhoeddi eu gwaith eu hunain, yn bwysicach na’r Gymraeg. Diolch byth mae’r hen feddwl negyddol, cyfalafol hwnnw’n brysur ddiflannu! A phe bai wedi gofyn i’r beirdd pa un oedd bwyicaf – dyblu nifer y darllenwyr neu wneud ceiniog neu ddwy, dw i’n gwybod yn iawn beth fyddai’r ateb: mai sgwennu i’r gynulleidfa oedd bwysicaf! A mynegwyd hynny gan Selwyn Gruffudd ac eraill. Fel y dywedais gannwaith: “o’r llenor i’r darllenydd”, gan hepgor y sensor yn y canol.
Cyhoeddwyd adolygiad o Rebel ar y We yng Ngwanwyn 1997 yn Llais Llyfrau (Cyngor Llyfrau Cymru) a nodwyd mai dyma’r gyfrol Gymraeg gyntaf i’w rhoi ar y we. Mi sgwennais yn Golwg (6 Ebrill 2000): Pe bai pob cyhoeddwr llyfrau heddiw yn rhoi pob llyfr a gyhoeddwyd ganddynt AM DDIM ar y we byddai hynny’n ymestyn einioes y Gymraeg am genhedlaeth neu ddwy. Mae’r rhyngrwyd yma i aros… ac mae’n dyngedfennol ein bod yn ail-ystyried ein syniadau confensiynol am gyhoeddi, yn ei sgîl. Mae’r chwyldro ar y teledu – a’r monitor – ac mae’n rhaid i’r Gymraeg fod yno!
Pan fewngofnodais am y tro cyntaf ar y Wicipedia Cymraeg (cy-wici) ar 7 Mehefin 2008, roedd na tua 16,000 o erthyglau ac mae’r nifer hwnnw wedi codi, bellach i dros 81,400. Yng Ngorffennaf 2003 y teipiwyd y gair cyntaf ar cy-wici ar yr erthygl ar y Gymraeg; yn fuan ar ôl hynny y daeth: Llywelyn ap Gruffudd, Rhestr Cymry, Gwiwer, David R. Edwards ac Owain Gwynedd. Y mis hwnnw roedd yr en-wici dros ddwy oed.
Left to right: Robin Owain, Marc Haynes and Aled Powell
Yng Ngorffennaf 2008 dechreuais drafodaeth am nawdd a datblygu cy-wici drwy bartneru gyda chyrff erall. Roedd llai na 20,000 o erthyglau ar y pryd a datblygodd y drafodaeth yn weithgaredd unigolion y tu allan i WP ee cysylltu gyda Bwrdd yr Iaith, Prifysgol Cymru a’r Llyfrgell Genedlaethol. Datblygodd hyn yn gais am nawdd a chafwyd £65,000 gan Lywodraeth Cymru a lansiwyd y prosiect ‘Llwybrau Byw’. Fe’m penodwyd yn Rheolwr Cymdeithas Wici Cymru, gyda Wikimedia UK yn gwneud y gwaith papur o ddydd i ddydd. Ar ddiwedd y flwyddyn parhaodd y cytundeb a dw i’n dal yn fy swydd.
Ceir llawer o fanylion ar gerrig milltir eraill ar y dudalen Wicipedia Cymraeg ar cy-wici. Ond o’m rhan i, mae’r canlynol, wedi’u serio ym mêr fy esgyrn. Efallai mai un o’r profiadau mwyaf cofiadwy oedd hwnnw pan oeddwn ar banel ymgynghorol TG/Cymraeg y Llywodraeth yn 2013; tra’n trafod sefyllfa’r Gymraeg o fewn Techoleg Gwybodaeth, cyhoeddodd Gareth Morlais fod Google wedi’i hysbysu mai’r nifer o erthyglau ar Wicipedia oedd yn penderfynu sawl miliwn o ddoleri y bydden nhw’n ei wario ar gyfieithu eu prosiectau i’r Gymraeg a ieithoedd eraill. Mi chwysais litr neu ddwy o sylweddoli’r fath gyfrifoldeb oedd arnom! Dyma gerrig milltir eraill:
30 Mehefin 2012 Rhys Wynne a minnau’n trefnu’r Golygathon Cymraeg cyntaf yn y Llyfrgell Ganolog, Caerdydd.
9 Gorffennaf 2012 cafwyd cyfarfod rhwng y Gweinidog dros Dechnoleg Gwybodaeth Llywodraeth Cymru,[1] sef Leyton Andrews, a minnau, gyda’r ddau yn cytuno ar saith pwynt a godwyd, gan gynnwys rhyddhau cynnwys cyrff cyhoeddus ar drwydded agored
21 Rhagfyr 2012 y bot cyntaf (Bot-Twm Crys) ar cy-wici yn creu dros fil o ailgyfeiriadau o enwau gwyddonol i enwau Cymraeg gwyfynod a gloynnod byw
Rhagfyr 2012 Trefnais dau gyfarfod: y cyntaf gyda golygyddion y Gwyddoniadur Cymreig a Gwasg y Brifysgol ac yn ail gydag Andrew Green, Prif Lyfrgellydd y Llyfrgell Genedlaethol gan wneud cais i’r Llyfrgell rhyddhau lluniau a gwybodaeth a chyflogi Wicipediwr llawn amser. Y cyfarfod cyntaf yn negyddol, ond yr ail yn llwyddiannus! Cafwyd cyfarfod hefyd, yn ddiweddarach rhyngof â’r Dr Aled Gruffydd Jones.
Rhagfyr 2013 cyd-drefnais ‘WiciAddysg’ ym Mae Caerdydd a braf oedd clywed Gareth Morlais ar ran Llywodraeth Cymru yn siarad mor flaengar am gynnwys agored ac am cy-wici
Hydref 2016 9,500 o erthyglau ar adar byw, gan godi cyfanswm yr erthyglau Cymraeg i 80,000.
Hydref 2016 13,000 o luniau wedi eu huwchlwytho i Comin gan y LGC a 125 miliwn o bobl wedi’u gweld (hyd yma)
Robin (chwith), Carwyn Jones, Prif Weinidog Cymru, a Linda Tomos, Prif Lyfrgellydd y Llyfrgell Genedlaethol. Cyfarfod yn Eisteddfod Genedlaethol 2012.
Mi fyddai’n cymharu Wicipedia’n aml i nyth morgrug Amasonaidd, a braf ei weld yn tyfu. Brafiach yw gweld newid ym meddyliau pobl, lle ceir meddwl rhydd annibynol heddiw, a’r syniad o rannu’n bwysicach na’r hyn a fu yng Nghymru cyhyd – cyhoeddi er mwyn arian. Os mai dymuniad y person yw gwneud arian, yna awgrymaf eu bod yn newid eu swydd a bod yn fancar neu’n llawfeddyg. Ond os mai’r rheswm dros olygu ydyw fod y llenor yn dymuno rhannu ei waith, neu drosglwyddo gwybodaeth neu argyhoeddi eraill, yna wici ydy’r lle, neu wefan agored arall, sy’n rhydd ac am ddim. Dwn i ddim pwy yw llawer o’r morgrug hyn, gan ein bod yn aml yn defnyddio ffug enw. Mae llawer wedi gwneud argraff arna i, yn bennaf, ‘Anatiomaros‘, Eleri James a Les Barker. Petha bach ydy morgrug ond mae eu gwaith diflino wedi creu’r storfa gwybodaeth Gymraeg mwyaf a fu erioed yn y cosmos, a’r fynedfa iddi am ddim! Gwnewch y pethau bychan – ar ei orau!
Rydym ar drothwy gweld datblygiadau’r 6 mlynedd diwethaf yn dwyn ffrwyth ar ei ganfed; bu’n waith caled, diddiolch, nid-am-arian, a hynny ar adeg pan oedd llawer o’n pobl yn anwybodus am bethau digidol, yn draddodiadol gul hefyd. Anghofia i byth sgwrsio gyda Wyn Roberts (Llansannan ers talwm) am lyfrau ar Radio Cymru, minnau’n sôn am Rebel ar y We, a’i fod mewn gwirionedd yr e-lyfr cyntaf yn Gymraeg. Wedi deg munud o sgwrsio, dyma rhyw hen wag o Ben Llŷn yn ffonio ac yn dweud wrtha i: “Peidiwch a siarad drwy’ch het, ddyn, wrth gwrs na fedrwch chi ddim tynnu llyfr i lawr gwifren ffôn!” 2010 oedd hynny, nid 1910!
Mi ddyfynaf fy nhad i orffen, dyfyniad allan o lyfr Aled Eurig, Tân a Daniwyd (Argr. W. Walters a’i Fab, 1976):
Hyn yw angen mawr Cymru heddiw: gweithwyr caled, gweithwyr cyson, gweithwyr adeiladol, gweithwyr creadigol, gweithwyr positif – gydag argyhoeddiad dwfn o werth yr unigolyn, a chariad tuag at gyd-ddyn yn ogystal â thuag at Gymru.
Trafod ei waith yn y 1960 yr oedd yn yr erthygl, ei waith fel ysgrifennydd Arfon o Gymdeithas yr Iaith a sefydlydd Tafod y Ddraig ond gallasai’n hawdd fod yn disgrifio yr hyn sydd ei angen arnom ni fel cenedl heddiw.
Ymlaen!
By using this site, you agree we can set and use cookies.
.jpg?fastcci_from=50593540&c1=50593540&d1=15&s=200&a=fqv){kind=link}
